Atoms and Isotopes Questions

Question:

Examples of Isotopes: 

Carbon 11 has 6 protons and 5 neutrons. [unstable]

Carbon 12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. [stable]

Carbon 13 has 6 protons and 7 neutrons. [stable]

Carbon 14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. [unstable]

-What makes Carbon 12 and 13 stable? What makes Carbon 11 and 14 unstable?

. From my recent research, I found that if the number of neutrons compared to the number of protons in an isotope is too much or too little, the isotope is unstable, or radioactive. 

  - But if in Carbon 13, there are 6 protons and 7 neutrons and is stable then why isn't Carbon 11 stable if there are 6 protons and 5 neutrons in that isotope?

Question:

Technetium and Promethium have no stable isotopes at all.

Tin has 10 stable isotopes.

-Because Technetium and Promethium have no stable isotopes at all, does that mean they are both very dangerous and radioactive? Why were they eventually put into the Periodic Table of Elements?

-Because Tin has 10 stable isotopes, does that mean that it is the most safest isotope?

Question:

The Electron Balance:

The 1st shell of an atom can contain 2 electrons.

The 2nd & 3rd shells of an atom can contain 8 electrons.

That makes 18 electrons in all at the maximum.

-For example, Aluminum has an atomic number of 13. 2 electrons are in the 1st shell, 8 electrons are in the 2nd shell, and 3 electrons are in the outer shell. [Which makes 3 the electron balance]

   If Calcium has an atomic number of 20, there would be 2 electrons in the 1st shell, 8 electrons in the 2nd shell, and 8 electrons in the 3rd shell. That leaves 2 electrons left. Where are they? What is the electron balance?

Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids

Metals
.shiny, solid (at room temperature)
.mallable-can be shaped
.high conductivity (good conductrors)(heat of electricity)
[Periodic Table:farther to the left->low, farther to the right->high]

Non-Metals
.not shiny
.not good conductors
.mostly gases
.brittle
.weak/easy to break
[Periodic Table: farther to the left->high, farther to the right->low]

Metalloids
.solid
.brittle
.hard
.semi-conductors
.important to computer chips
.silicon-in glass and sand
[Periodic Table: between metals and non-metals]

Facts:
Carbon-important element for making up living organisms.
Noble Gases-group 18- very non-reactive. Have full outer shells
Silicon Valley-place where all major computer makers are.

Reactivity

-the ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements or compunds.
-groups and families have similar reactivity.
.group 1-metal react violently with water
.group 18-gases that barelt react at all.

-# of protons=# of electrons=0 charge

-electrons orbit in "shells"
.1st shell can only fit 2 electrons
.2nd&3rd ring can fit 8 electrons
-atoms want their shells to be full.

Organization of the Periodic Table

Atomic Number

-the number of protons in the nucleus
-tells us the identity of the element

Isotopes

-atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers on neutrons
-Example: Carbon
.Carbon-11
6 protons
5 neutrons
unstable

.Carbon-12
6 protons
6 neutrons
stable

.Carbon-13
6 protons
7 neutrons
stable

.Carbon-14
6 protons
8 neutrons
unstable

Magnets

Facts:

.Magnets have been known for centuries
.Ancient Greeks used a stone substance called "magnetite"
-discovered this stone always pointed in the same direction
."lodestones" or magnets were used in navigation
.William Gilbert, English Physician-1600-Discovered Earth is a magnet
-Earth has magnetic poles

Magnetism
-the force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic material due to the arrangement of it atoms, particularly its electrons.
-The ends of the magnet is where the magnetic effect is the strongest
-called "poles"-each magnet has 2 poles [North & South]

Magnetic Fields

-The region where the magnetic forces act is called the "magnetic fields"

How to Demagnetize a Magnet:

1.Drop it
2.Heat it

.Atoms themselves have magnetic properties due to the spin of the atom's electrons.
.Groups of atoms join so that their magnetic fields are all going in the same direction
-these area of atoms are called "domains"

unmagnetized-randomized domains
magnetized-aligned domains

The Earth is a Magnet

-exerts magnetic forces and is surrounded by a magnetic field that is strongest neat the North and South magnetic poles
-needle of compass always points toward the magnetic south pole "North"
*Remember Opposites Attract*

Electricity

Static Electricity-occurs when there is a build up of electric charge on the surface of a material.
-called static electricity because the charges do not move
-potential energy

Charge

-made up of the smallest atoms

*Estimation- about .0000000001m

-very small

-everything is made up of atoms

*Estimation- there is about 1500000000000000000000000000 atoms in a classroom

Inside Atoms

Particles

-electrons(-)

-protons(+)

-neutrons(0)

.Protons and Neutrons lump in nucleus

.Electrons orbit around nucleus

.mostly empty

.neutrons have no charge

.most things have the same number of electrons and protons

-dont have overall charge-most are neutral

Like magnets...

-opposites attract (+-)

-likes repel (++) (--)

ELECTRICITY

My Acrostic Poem for "ELECTRICITY"
Electrons are negatively charged particles
Lightnings bolts occur when billions of electrons are transferred
Electroscopes are make of metal
Circuits are closed paths through which electrons flow
There are two types of electrical charges
Rubbing your feet on the carpet produces static
Is movable through an object
Conductors are materials that allows electrons to move easily
Insulators are material that no not allow electrons to move easily
Television produces electricity
Your skin is a bad conductor