Classifying Matter...

Mixture

-two of more substances that are not chemically combined with each other and can be seperated by physical means. The substance in a mixture retain their individual properties.

Solutions

-a special kind of mixture where one substance dissolves in another

Elements

-simplest form of a pure substance. They cannot be broken down into anything else by physical or chemical means.

Compounds

-pure substances that are the unions of two or more elements. They cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical means.

Heterogeneous Mixtures

-least mixed
-large particles

Homogeneous Mixtures

-most mixed
-"well mixed"
- appears to be uniform (the same) throughout
-small particles

Colloids

-particles mixed together/ not dissolved
-large particles/ permanently suspended
-will not separate upon standing
-Ex.Shaving cream; jello

Solutions

-one substance dissolves into another
-(homogeneous mixture)
-best mixed
-have solute and solvent
*Solution=When 1 substance dissolves into another
*Solute=Being dissolved
*Solvent=Thing dissolving solute

Elements

-the simplest purest substance
-Atoms together=element
-combines together
-element+element=compound
Example: Making brownies (:
*ingredients=elements
brownie=compound

Compounds

-More than 1 element
-pure substance
-Ex: Water = hydrogen+oxygen

Alloys

-metals dissolved into metals
-pure substance (element)

Types of Solutions

Solute,Solvent,Example:
Gas+Gas=Air (O in N)
Gas+Liquid=Soda Water (CO2 in H2O)
Solid+Liquid=Ocean Water (Salt in H2O)
Solid+Solid=Gold Jewlery(Cu in Au)

Global Economic Downturn

Global Economic Downturn

EIA-Energy Information Administration

IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

I believe that the more people really don't care about this issue the more we are in danger. Just like how if 1 German was caught helping a Jewish person during the time of the Nazis, then many Germans including that 1 person would get killed even if they were innocent.

There maybe that 1 person who is killing our planet and once that action has taken into effect, it could cause harm to many individuals who are innocent and really care about living on this planet. 

Video:

Made by: Me

Song: The Man Who Can't be Moved-The Script

Resources: 

http://www.eia.doe.gov/

http://www.reuters.com/

http://www.ipcc.ch/

iMovie

Atoms and Isotopes Questions

Question:

Examples of Isotopes: 

Carbon 11 has 6 protons and 5 neutrons. [unstable]

Carbon 12 has 6 protons and 6 neutrons. [stable]

Carbon 13 has 6 protons and 7 neutrons. [stable]

Carbon 14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons. [unstable]

-What makes Carbon 12 and 13 stable? What makes Carbon 11 and 14 unstable?

. From my recent research, I found that if the number of neutrons compared to the number of protons in an isotope is too much or too little, the isotope is unstable, or radioactive. 

  - But if in Carbon 13, there are 6 protons and 7 neutrons and is stable then why isn't Carbon 11 stable if there are 6 protons and 5 neutrons in that isotope?

Question:

Technetium and Promethium have no stable isotopes at all.

Tin has 10 stable isotopes.

-Because Technetium and Promethium have no stable isotopes at all, does that mean they are both very dangerous and radioactive? Why were they eventually put into the Periodic Table of Elements?

-Because Tin has 10 stable isotopes, does that mean that it is the most safest isotope?

Question:

The Electron Balance:

The 1st shell of an atom can contain 2 electrons.

The 2nd & 3rd shells of an atom can contain 8 electrons.

That makes 18 electrons in all at the maximum.

-For example, Aluminum has an atomic number of 13. 2 electrons are in the 1st shell, 8 electrons are in the 2nd shell, and 3 electrons are in the outer shell. [Which makes 3 the electron balance]

   If Calcium has an atomic number of 20, there would be 2 electrons in the 1st shell, 8 electrons in the 2nd shell, and 8 electrons in the 3rd shell. That leaves 2 electrons left. Where are they? What is the electron balance?

Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids

Metals
.shiny, solid (at room temperature)
.mallable-can be shaped
.high conductivity (good conductrors)(heat of electricity)
[Periodic Table:farther to the left->low, farther to the right->high]

Non-Metals
.not shiny
.not good conductors
.mostly gases
.brittle
.weak/easy to break
[Periodic Table: farther to the left->high, farther to the right->low]

Metalloids
.solid
.brittle
.hard
.semi-conductors
.important to computer chips
.silicon-in glass and sand
[Periodic Table: between metals and non-metals]

Facts:
Carbon-important element for making up living organisms.
Noble Gases-group 18- very non-reactive. Have full outer shells
Silicon Valley-place where all major computer makers are.

Reactivity

-the ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements or compunds.
-groups and families have similar reactivity.
.group 1-metal react violently with water
.group 18-gases that barelt react at all.

-# of protons=# of electrons=0 charge

-electrons orbit in "shells"
.1st shell can only fit 2 electrons
.2nd&3rd ring can fit 8 electrons
-atoms want their shells to be full.

Organization of the Periodic Table

Atomic Number

-the number of protons in the nucleus
-tells us the identity of the element

Isotopes

-atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers on neutrons
-Example: Carbon
.Carbon-11
6 protons
5 neutrons
unstable

.Carbon-12
6 protons
6 neutrons
stable

.Carbon-13
6 protons
7 neutrons
stable

.Carbon-14
6 protons
8 neutrons
unstable

Magnets

Facts:

.Magnets have been known for centuries
.Ancient Greeks used a stone substance called "magnetite"
-discovered this stone always pointed in the same direction
."lodestones" or magnets were used in navigation
.William Gilbert, English Physician-1600-Discovered Earth is a magnet
-Earth has magnetic poles

Magnetism
-the force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic material due to the arrangement of it atoms, particularly its electrons.
-The ends of the magnet is where the magnetic effect is the strongest
-called "poles"-each magnet has 2 poles [North & South]

Magnetic Fields

-The region where the magnetic forces act is called the "magnetic fields"

How to Demagnetize a Magnet:

1.Drop it
2.Heat it

.Atoms themselves have magnetic properties due to the spin of the atom's electrons.
.Groups of atoms join so that their magnetic fields are all going in the same direction
-these area of atoms are called "domains"

unmagnetized-randomized domains
magnetized-aligned domains

The Earth is a Magnet

-exerts magnetic forces and is surrounded by a magnetic field that is strongest neat the North and South magnetic poles
-needle of compass always points toward the magnetic south pole "North"
*Remember Opposites Attract*

Electricity

Static Electricity-occurs when there is a build up of electric charge on the surface of a material.
-called static electricity because the charges do not move
-potential energy

Charge

-made up of the smallest atoms

*Estimation- about .0000000001m

-very small

-everything is made up of atoms

*Estimation- there is about 1500000000000000000000000000 atoms in a classroom

Inside Atoms

Particles

-electrons(-)

-protons(+)

-neutrons(0)

.Protons and Neutrons lump in nucleus

.Electrons orbit around nucleus

.mostly empty

.neutrons have no charge

.most things have the same number of electrons and protons

-dont have overall charge-most are neutral

Like magnets...

-opposites attract (+-)

-likes repel (++) (--)

ELECTRICITY

My Acrostic Poem for "ELECTRICITY"
Electrons are negatively charged particles
Lightnings bolts occur when billions of electrons are transferred
Electroscopes are make of metal
Circuits are closed paths through which electrons flow
There are two types of electrical charges
Rubbing your feet on the carpet produces static
Is movable through an object
Conductors are materials that allows electrons to move easily
Insulators are material that no not allow electrons to move easily
Television produces electricity
Your skin is a bad conductor

Light

Wave Properties of Light

(pg.546-550)

-Relection

-Refraction

-Diffraction

-Interference

Reflection
-when a wave strikes an object and bounces off
(Normal-cuts incident deam and reflected beam in half)
Spectular & Diffuse Reflection
.Specular-Smooth surface, equivalent repection
.Diffuse-Rough surface
Law of Reflection-states the angle of incidenc equals the angle of reflection.

Refraction
-bending of waves when passing from one medium to another.
-caused by change in speed
.slower (more dense)-light bends toward the normal
.faster (less dense)-light bends away from the normal
refraction depends on...
-speed of light in the medium
-wavelength of the light-shorter wavelengths(blue)bends more
less dense to more dense makes light bend

Diffaction
-opposite of medium
-bending of light waves
-red waves bend more than blue

Interference
Constructive=brighter light
Destructive=dimmer light

Mixing Colors

Primary light colors
.red,blue,green
.additive colors
.combine to form white light
.Example: computer RGBs
LIGHT MAKES WHITE

Filter
.transparent material that absorbs all light colors except the filter color

Pigment
.colored material that absorbs & reflects different colors

Primary Pigment Colors
.cyan,magenta,yellow
.subtractive colors
.combine to form black

Seeing Colors

-White Light
.contains all visible colors -ROYGBIV

-In white light, an object...
.reflects the color you see
.absorbs all other colors

-The retina contains...
.Rods- dim light, black & white
.Cones- color
-Red-absorbs red & yellow
-Green- absorbs green & yellow
-Blue- absorbs blue & violet

-Color Blindness
.one or more sets of cones does not function properly

Light and Matter

-Opaque
.absorbs or reflects all light

-Transparent
.allows light to pass through completely

-Translucent
.allows some light to pass through

Uses of Sound

a)Acoustics-the study of sound

b)Sonar-Sound Navigation and Ranging (echolocation)

c)Ultrasonic imaging

Musical Sound

♫♪♫♩♪♬♫♩♬

-Noise has no pattern.

-Music has a pattern and deliberate pitches.

-Sound quality describes differences of sounds that have the same pitch and loudness.

The Doppler Effect

-The change in pitch due to a moving wave source.

Objects moving toward you can cause a higher pitched sound.

Objects moving away you can cause a lower pitched sound

-Used in radar by police and meteorologist and in astronomy.

Sound:Frequency and Pitch

-High frequency means more vibrations hitting the ear.

. Pitch-how high or how low a sound seems to be.

-Healthy humans can hear from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Ultrasonic Sound-has a frequency greater than 20,000 Hz

Infrasonic Sound-has a frequency below 20 Hz

; they are felt rather than heard.

Sound: How We Hear

a)outer ear collects sound

b)middle ear amplifies sound

c)inner ear converts sound

*Speed of sound-332 m/s in air at 0 degrees C.* 

Threshold of hearing-0db

Threshold of pain-120db

Interfering With Waves

Interference-two or more waves overlapping to form a new wave

Constructive Interference(in phase)-sound waves that constructively interfere are louder

Destructive Interference(out of phase)-sound 

waves that destructively interfere are not as loud

Resonance-the ability of an object to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequency.

Wave Properties

Wavelength-distance from a point on a wave to the same corresponding point on the nest wave.

Frequency-number of waves that pass a point in one second.
(expressed in Hertz[Hz])

Wavelength has an inverse relationship to wave frequency

A crest is the highest point of a wave.
A trough is the lowest point of a wave.

Types of Waves

Longitudinal

.Vibrates parallel to (in the same direction of) wave travel
-sound waves
.the other end of the medium without the actual movement of matter

Transverse

.Vibrates perpendicular (at right angles) to the wave travel
-electromagnetic waves

Water Waves

.A combination of longitudinal+transverse

Source:Photobucket(PhysOrg)

Waves and Sound

The Nature of Waves

A wave is a rhythmic disurbance that transfers energy

-All waves are made by something that vibrates.

Mechanical waves need a matter medium to travel through.

(sound,water,seismic)

Two basic types of waves

a)Transverse

b)Compressional (longitudinal)

Amplitude- Size related to the energy carried by the wave (height)

Vocabulary Sections 5.1,5.2,5.4

Vocabulary

5.1/5.2/5.4

Energy-the ability to cause change.
Kinetic Energy-energy in the form of motion.
Potential Energy-stored energy.
Work-the transfer of energy through motion
Mechanical Energy-the total amountof kinetic and potential energy in a system.
Law of Conservation of Energy-energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Temperature-the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.
Thermal Energy-the total energy of the particles that make up a material.
Heat-the thermal energy that flows from something with a higher temperature to something with a lower temperature.
Specific Heat-the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a material by one degree.

How to Calculate Changes in Thermal Energy

Q=m x (delta)T x Cp

Q=change in thermal energy

m=mass

(delta)T=change in temperature (Tf-Ti)

Cp=specific heat of substance

Example:

32 gram silver spoon

60(degrees)C to 20(degrees)C

Q=m x (delta)T x Cp

Q=.032 x -40(degress)C x 235j/kg.k

Q=-300.8

Measure Thermal Energy

Different materials need different amounts of heat to produce similar changes in their temperatures. The materials have different specific heats.

Land heats up and cools down faster than water.

Specific Heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by one degree (C or K)

1)Cp water=4184J/kgC
2)Cp sand=664J/kgC

Temperature+Thermal Energy

TEMPERATURE

Temperature-the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter.

THERMAL ENERGY

.Thermal Energy is the total energy of the particles that make up a material.

.Different kinds of matter have different thermal energies, even when mass and temperature are the same.

.Also known as Internal Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

.Law of Conservation of Energy-energy can neither be created nor destroyed

.Energy is always changing from one kind to another.

.The total energy of an object never changes.

Kinetic&Potential Energy

KINETIC ENERGY

.Kinetic Energy exists whenever an object which has mass is in motion with some velocity.
.Everything you see moving about has kinetic energy.
.The greater the mass or velocity of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has.

POTENTIAL ENERGY

.Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field.

.Potential energy is stored energy.

.The amount og Potential Energy depends on the sample's postion or condition.

Energy and Work

Energy and Work

WORK

.Work is the transfer of energy through motion.

.In order for work to take place, a force must be exerted through a distance.

.The amount of work done depends on two things:

---The amount of force exerted.

---The distance over which the force is applied.

-Two factors to decide that work has been done:

...something has to move.

...the motion must be in the direction of the applied force

-Work can be calculated by the this formula.

***Work=force x distance***

ENERGY

.Energy is defined as the ability to cause change

.Energy exists in forms including:

-radiant

-chemical

-thermal

-nuclear